how do you pass the path finder?

I am playing the game Flushed Away, and I made it all the way to the mission where you have to find Mr. Wu, and you need to make a path across the canal, with the path finder. Which box’s do I blow up? I tryed it like 20 times, I can’t figure it out. please help.

cool flushed away the game gotta buy it
oki go to http://www.gamefaqs.com and there you can read about how to do it right

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Should i get my Party makeup done from Bare escentuals or MAC?

I have gotten my makeup on in the past from MAC..they do a good job most of the time but sometimes they can overdo it.

I’m going to a daytime event..so i want something noticeable nice but not extreme.

Anyone ever get their makeup done from Bare Escentuals?

Get it done at Mac! Ask them you want an all natural glow That is what I usually ask and they do it perfectly. Bare escentuals will give you a more natural look – not really party material, more of like an evening/going out type thing. They do a good job, though. i have gotten my make up done from them at Sephora. There was this thing at San Fransisco…
Anyways, get it done from MAC for a pretty and nice party look.
Get it done at Bare Escentuals for a natural, pretty look.
I recommend MAC – just tell them you don’t want anything too extreme Ask them if you can choose the colors you want them to use – it works every time and the results are great!

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Has anyone tried “the lip scrub” by Sara Happ and if so, what do you think of it?

My lips are really flaky and dry most times and I have been looking for a good exfoliator. I found today a website called thelipscrub.com that offers several flavors of exfoliators for $20 a piece that can be used daily. Right now, I pretty much use everything I can find and nothing is working well for my lips. They just come out looking worse. I found a few reviews online that said the product was great, but I’m wondering if anyone on here has actually used the prouduct and what they thought.
Thanks

YES!! I have 3 of the flavours and I think it is by far my favorite new beauty product all year. It works so well, I can’t actually believe I ever suffered through flaky lips, which is such an annoying problem. I love the “vanilla bean.” It’s always in my makeup bag, and I’m asking for the other 3 flavours for Christmas

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Save Money on Acne Cleansers

My first education on how to buy acne skin care products came from Johnson & Johnson and Noxema. They had their models wash their clear complexions with the perfect acne cleanser and then, once the suds vanished, the models were dancing around so happy not having to worry about zits.

Alas, benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid and most other acne washes do not wash away zits.

One trap to fall into with cleansers is over cleansing, which can aggravate acne. The next trap, which is common, is to expect too much from one product.

For example, benzoyl peroxide works by destroying excess acne provoking bacteria. Salicylic acid exfoliates the skin and clears the pores, which reduces the chances for waste buildup in the pores and producing a zit.

If you have severe acne like I did, over the counter acne washes cannot provide the amount of bacteria control and exfoliation you need to keep acne at bay.

It’s like trying to empty a bathtub with a teaspoon instead of just unplugging the water clog. Severe acne requires regulating the skin on an internal and external level. You can regulate the growth of excess bacteria on the face and body in a number of ways.

1. Decrease or control your stress response.

Stress sets off a series of hormonal reactions that can ultimately produce excess oil on the face and provide an ideal environment for excess acne-causing bacteria growth on the face.

2. Moderate sugar consumption.

Excess sugar, like stress, moves the hormones to excrete more oil on the face. It’s not the chocolate the causes the acne, just the collective hormonal response of a sugar overload.

3. Take a multi-vitamin.

It may sound silly, or trivial, but taking a multivitamin can provide vital nutrients that boosts the immune system and help you manage stress better. Collectively, strong immunity and stress control help reduce acne breakouts.

I learned these three points the hard way. Trial and error and buying a lot of acne skin care products. If your at a loss about choosing an acne product, I can only say this, high price does not guarantee high quality. When I used Oxy 10 for instance, I found it worked just as well as products that costs 5 times as much. One drawback is that these drying products are not ideal for maturing skin. If you are battling acne and wrinkles, I suggest using essential oils to combat acne flair-ups such as tea tree or eucalyptus oil.

On a final note, if you’ve been using an acne cleanser for months with no noticeable improvement in your skin, I suggest trying to regulate you skin’s condition from the inside, with sound nutrition and relaxation.

About the Author

Author writes articles on different topics. To know more, visit:
exposed face,
http://www.noixia.com

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i know a 6 yr old boy that still pees his pants at night and doesnt care and doesnt wipe butt after pooping?

he doesnt tell anyone he poops. he will go around with pee or poop on him until you smell it.

I have a nephew who has the same problem, its not that he does it on purpose, he doesnt realise he does it. His sister had the same problem, she was given medication to control it, it has something to do with the messages in the brain. However, the doctors cant do anything about it until the turn 7 years old. try getting them to use wipes with the poop thing, thats what we did.

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College honours for north east Fifers
A FORMER air stewardess from Freuchie is flying high after scooping a top award. (01/07/2010 10:02:19)
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Gel Wax Candles and Containers

Traditionally candles have been made from tallow or animal fat, whale oil, beeswax, paraffin, which is a by-product of refining petroleum, and more recently soy and other vegetable oils. Gel wax is also a newer kind of wax for candle making. What is gel wax? It is a mineral oil or hydrocarbon. To make gel wax they thicken the mineral oil with a particular polymer. This makes the wax clear and makes it burn slowly.

There is a patent on gel wax, which Penreco holds. The company uses the name VersaGel™C for commercial purposes. There are three grades of gel wax: low, medium, and high density. The low density melts the easiest and pours well. It can only use 3% fragrance oil and it can’t be embedded. The medium density gel wax melts and pours well. It will hold 5% fragrance and can hold embeds like small beads and shells and glitter. The high-density gel wax is somewhat harder to melt and it doesn’t pour as easily as the other two. But dense pigments can be suspended in it. The embeds should be non-flammable. It can use 5-6% fragrance.

Gel wax is clear and this enables candle makers to do interesting things with it. Candle makers make aquarium scenes. When lit the flame creates an unusual glow because of the candles clear quality. Gel wax is used to make container candles. It burns and melts at a higher temperature than paraffin wax. Because of the higher temperature and because it has to be melted with direct heat unless a presto pot is used-one must be extremely careful when working with gel wax. The only fragrances that work with gel candles are oil-soluble fragrance oils that means non-polar.

Some of the containers that are good to use with gel candles are roly-poly glass, ivy bowls, but basically they need to be heat resistant and crack resistant. Some candle makers don’t like to use the bowls as they say they hold the heat more so. The thing is that all candle containers have to be heat and crack resistant and they can’t leak. So heat resistant containers. The stories out there concerning gel candles that exploded come from people making candles from containers like fish bowls and martini glasses; neither of these is tempered to resist heat, if anything just the opposite is true. A good container for making gel candles or any container candles is the old standby canning jars, which are made to resist heat and cracking. Jelly jars are also made to take high temperature. That has made both of these containers perennial favorites of candle makers.

It is wise to take into consideration that even a heat resistant container can crack. You can take proper precautions: don’t ever leave the candle lit and go out of the room, put it on a heat resistant surface, and keep it from any flammable material. This is important to do with all candles. Remember, safety comes first.

About the Author

Tara Smith is a crafter and candle maker. The head writer and co-owner of a
Halloween Candle and Holders
, company Candle Scentsations. Join her as she writes about her passion and shares ideas and tips at her website that carries
Spooky Designs candles
.

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Organic Light Emitting Diodes-Smart Elements For Displays

 

 

 

Organic light emitting diode-Smart element for display.

 

An organic light emitting diode (OLED), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. This layer of organic semiconductor material is formed between two electrodes, where at least one of the electrodes is transparent.

OLED can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. OLEDs emit less light per unit area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs .

 

OLED displays have certain advantages over liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLED displays do not require a backlight to function. Thus, they can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than LCD panels. OLED displays achieve higher contrast ratios than either LCD screens using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or the more recently developed LED .

OLED Components:An OLED is a device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article, we’ll be focusing on the two-layer design.

 

An OLED consists of the following parts:

1.Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) – The substrate supports the OLED.

 2.Anode (transparent) – The anode removes electrons (adds electron “holes”) when a current flows through the device.

3.Organic layers – These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.

4.Conducting layer – This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport “holes” from the     anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.

5.cathode: The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer

 

 

 

 

OLED is com posed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and both anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors.

OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).

Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiencyand conductive properties,  the layers are  chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.

.

 

 

Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)

 

Operation ofOLEDs:

OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.

The process is as follows: 1. the voltage is applied across the OLED.

2.An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).

The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.

       The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules.

3.At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layer , Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. Hence this layer is called emissive.

 

        4.When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light . The OLED emits    

           Light.

        5.The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer.

             Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.

         6.when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode then holes               move tothe anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine.In this case OLED  is not functions as light emitter. 

 

 

7.The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light

8.Anode material in OLED must have high work function where cathode material must have low workfunction.so generally Indium tin oxide is used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer

 

Types of OLEDs:

There are several types of OLEDs & each type has different uses.

 

1.Passive-matrix OLED

2.Active-matrix OLED

3.Transparent OLED

4.Top-emitting OLED

5.Foldable OLED

6.White OLED

Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

 

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently.

AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.

 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards

Transparent OLED
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight.This technology can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications

 

Top-emitting OLED
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.

 

Foldable OLED
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create “smart” clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.

White OLED
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.

In the next section, we’ll discuss the pros and cons of OLED technology and how it compares to regular LED and LCD technology.

Stacked OLED

Stacked OLED (SOLED) uses a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly reducing pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other decreasing potential resolution.

Inverted OLED

In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.[44]

Advantages OLED

OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:

      1.The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.

2.Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid.

3.OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.

4.OLEDs are brighter than LEDs.

5.Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered.

6.LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.

7.OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs .since  OLEDs generate light themselves

8. As OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs .This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.

9.OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets.

10.OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.

Disadvantages OLED
OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:

1.Lifetime – While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.

Manufacturing – Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.

2.Water – Water can easily damage OLEDs.

Color balance issues

The OLED material used to produce blue light degrades significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light. This differential color output change will change the color balance of the display and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance. This can be partially avoided by adjusting colour balance but this may require advanced control circuits and interaction with the user, which is unacceptable for some users.

Other companies

The Optimus Maximus keyboard developed by the Art. Lebedev Studio and released early 2008 uses 113 48×48-pixel OLEDs (10.1×10.1 mm) for its keys.

OLEDs can be used in High-Resolution Holography (Volumetric display). Professor Orbit showed on May 12, 2007, EXPO Lisbon the potential application of these materials to reproduce three-dimensional video.[citation needed]

OLEDs could also be used as solid-state light sources. OLED efficiency and lifetime already exceed those of incandescent light bulbs, and OLEDs are investigated worldwide as a source of general illumination; an example is the EU OLLA project.[75]

On March 11, 2008 GE Global Research demonstrated the first successful roll-to-roll manufactured OLED, marking a major milestone towards cost effective production of commercial OLED technology. The four year, $13 million research project was carried out by GE Global Research, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[76][77]

Chi Mei Corporation of Taiwan, demonstrated a 25″ Low-Temperature Polycrystalline silicon Active Matrix OLED at the Society of Information Displays (SID) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on May 20–22, 2008.

On June 5, 2009 DuPont demonstrated a new material that can be printed, so called solution deposition. The breakthrough is the ability to produce economically scalable and durable OLED displays at the 2009 International Symposium, May 31-June 5, 2009, Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

The use of OLEDs is also being investigated for the treatment of cancer by photodynamic therapy.[78]

On 30 Aug 2009, South Korea’s LG Electronics said it would launch a 15-inch television set using AM-OLED displays for sale in November.[79][80]

According to Isuppli Corp,[81] upward momentum of OLED Shipments for primary cell phone displays is their expectation in coming years. They claimed that global shipments of OLED main cell phone displays would rise to 178 million units in 2015, up from 22.2 million in 2009. In other words, the shipments will rise eightfold by 2015. Therefore, it’s evident that the manufacture of OLED display and OLED equipment by Samsung, DuPont, Anwell, Chi Mei Corporation, etc has expanded dramatically in recent years.

References

1. ^ a b Sony XEL-1:The world’s first OLED TV, OLED-Info.com Nov.17 2008
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24. ^ Partridge, R (1983). “Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films: 3. Electroluminescent devices”. Polymer 24: 748. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(83)90014-9. 
25. ^ Partridge, R (1983). “Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films: 4. Electroluminescence using higher work function cathodes”. Polymer 24: 755. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(83)90015-0. 
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27. ^ Burroughes, J. H.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Brown, A. R.; Marks, R. N.; MacKay, K.; Friend, R. H.; Burns, P. L.; Holmes, A. B. (1990). “Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers”. Nature 347: 539. doi:10.1038/347539a0. 
28. ^ Piromreun, Pongpun; Oh, Hwansool; Shen, Yulong; Malliaras, George G.; Scott, J. Campbell; Brock, Phil J. (2000). “Role of CsF on electron injection into a conjugated polymer”. Applied Physics Letters 77: 2403. doi:10.1063/1.1317547. 
29. ^ D. Ammermann, A. Böhler, W. Kowalsky, Multilayer Organic Light Emitting Diodes for Flat Panel Displays, Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, TU Braunschweig, 1995.
30. ^ Friend, R. H.; Gymer, R. W.; Holmes, A. B.; Burroughes, J. H.; Marks, R. N.; Taliani, C.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Santos, D. A. Dos et al. (1999). Nature 397: 121. doi:10.1038/16393. 
31. ^ Duarte, FJ; Liao, LS; Vaeth, KM (2005). “Coherence characteristics of electrically excited tandem organic light-emitting diodes”. Optics letters 30 (22): 3072–4. doi:10.1364/OL.30.003072. PMID 16315725. 
32. ^ Duarte, FJ (2007). “Coherent electrically excited organic semiconductors: visibility of interferograms and emission linewidth”. Optics letters 32 (4): 412–4. doi:10.1364/OL.32.000412. PMID 17356670. 
33. ^ Hebner, T. R.; Wu, C. C.; Marcy, D.; Lu, M. H.; Sturm, J. C. (1998). “Ink-jet printing of doped polymers for organic light emitting devices”. Applied Physics Letters 72: 519. doi:10.1063/1.120807. 
34. ^ Bharathan, Jayesh; Yang, Yang (1998). “Polymer electroluminescent devices processed by inkjet printing: I. Polymer light-emitting logo”. Applied Physics Letters 72: 2660. doi:10.1063/1.121090. 
35. ^ Gustafsson, G.; Cao, Y.; Treacy, G. M.; Klavetter, F.; Colaneri, N.; Heeger, A. J. (1992). “Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers”. Nature 357: 477. doi:10.1038/357477a0. 
36. ^ A. J. Heeger, in W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundstrom, B. Ranby, Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials, Oxford 1993, 27–62. ISBN 0198557299
37. ^ R. Kiebooms, R. Menon, K. Lee, in H. S. Nalwa, Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices Volume 8, Academic Press 2001, 1–86.
38. ^ Singh, Madhusudan; Chae, Hyun Sik; Froehlich, Jesse D.; Kondou, Takashi; Li, Sheng; Mochizuki, Amane; Jabbour, Ghassan E. (2009). “Electroluminescence from printed stellate polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes”. Soft Matter 5: 3002. doi:10.1039/b903531a. 
39. ^ Liu, Jie; Lewis, Larry N.; Duggal, Anil R. (2007). “Photoactivated and patternable charge transport materials and their use in organic light-emitting devices”. Applied Physics Letters 90: 233503. doi:10.1063/1.2746404. 
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Further reading

• P. Chamorro-Posada, J. Martín-Gil, P. Martín-Ramos, L.M. Navas-Gracia, Fundamentos de la Tecnología OLED (Fundamentals of OLED Technology). University of Valladolid, Spain (2008). ISBN 978-84-936644-0-4. Available online, with permission from the authors, at the webpage: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13325893/Fundamentos-de-la-Tecnologia-OLED
• Shinar, Joseph (Ed.), Organic Light-Emitting Devices: A Survey. NY: Springer-Verlag (2004). ISBN 0-387-95343-4.
• Hari Singh Nalwa (Ed.), Handbook of Luminescence, Display Materials and Devices, Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2003). ISBN 1-58883-010-1. Volume 1: Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
• Hari Singh Nalwa (Ed.), Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics, Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2008). ISBN 1-58883-095-0.

RABIYA TANVEER.                                                                

LECTURER IN PHYSICS

CHAITANYA DEGREE AND P.G COLLEGE

HNK,WARANGAL,INDIA.

AFFILIATION:

1.NANO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CONSORTIUM,

NOIDA,UP.INDIA.

2.PHOTONICS 21,EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM. EMAIL:munaizag@gmail.com                      

 

About the Author

lecturer in physics & electronics dept. of physics & electronics, chaitanya degree & p.g college, kishan pura ,hanamkonda, warangal.A.P.

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